A number of mushrooms and fungi have been shown in various studies to contain substances (mostly complex polysaccharides) that stimulate the body’s immune system (particularly its T-cell lymphocytes, macrophages, and natural killer cells) to destroy cancer cells, lessen the side effects of chemotherapy and radiation therapy, and combat viral infections. In some instances, tumors have been entirely eliminated. Most of these mushrooms have long been used in traditional Chinese medicine, dating back to at least 100 AD, and have been eaten as food for thousands of years in the East. Among the world’s edible mushrooms, shiitake are second in popularity only to the common button mushroom (Agaricus bisporus).
Six species are of particular interest: reishi (Ganoderma lucidum), shiitake (Lentinula edodes), maitake (Grifola frondosa),Cordyceps sinensis,Trametes or Coriolus versicolor, and Agaricus blazei muril (ABM). The latter originated in Brazil, but has been cultivated in Japan since 1965, where it is known as Himematsutake. Since at least the 1960s, a considerable amount of scientific research has been and is being conducted (especially in Japan and China) into the anti-cancer substances found in these six mushrooms.
Medicinal mushrooms are available commercially as dried powdered whole mushrooms, as a dried extract, or as a liquid extract. Depending upon your local climate, it may also be possible to grow them for yourself. Extracts can be made in warm water over a period of 2-6 hours, or in hot water over a shorter period. A few manufacturers first use hot water, and then alcohol, to maximize the volume and variety of substances extracted. Products can be made from the mycelium and/or from the fruiting body, between which there is a difference in the level of active anti-cancer substances. Which extraction method is best is currently difficult to determine, especially in the absence of data from laboratory trials. The best method of extraction may even vary from one mushroom to another. Growing methods can also result in considerable variations in the quantity of the active substances present. But again – despite all the assertions of manufacturers and other ‘experts’ – there is minimal published data on which to base any decision. Having reviewed the literature (often in confusion!), I suspect that extracts using both water and alcohol are probably best. This is also the form used by both Dr Julian Kenyon of the Dove Clinic in the UK and Dr Etienne Callebout of Harley Street, London.
I guess that until there is standardization and each manufacturer measures and publishes the levels of active ingredients in their products (an expensive procedure), there will always be uncertainty over quality. Presently, many manufacturers actually play on this uncertainty when promoting their own particular brands, something that they could eliminate by publishing the relevant data. And until there are full-scale clinical trials, the dosage will remain a matter of informed guesswork. Personally, I am using the extracts from mushrooms grown and processed by Fruiting Bodies, at their place in Wales.
A number of extracts of the active compounds found in shiitake mushrooms are sold as proprietary products. These include lentinan (shown in trials to stop or slow tumor growth) and eritadenine (thought to help in the reduction of blood clots and to lower cholesterol by blocking the way cholesterol is absorbed into the bloodstream). Another product – active hexose correlated compound (AHCC) – a proprietary extract prepared from several species of medicinal mushroom, including shiitake, is claimed to effectively inhibit tumor growth and lessen the side effects of chemotherapy. However, full details of the mushroom species used and the method of preparation are not disclosed by the producers, and most of their claims relate to the properties of medicinal mushrooms in general, rather than AHCC in particular.
Other proprietary mushroom compounds, including grifolan (from maitake), schizophyllan (from Schizophyllum commune), and SSG (from Sclerotinia sclerotiorum), are available in Japan, where lentinan and schizophyllan have been approved as anti-cancer drugs. It is worth noting that many of the animal and human clinical studies of lentinan have been made using an injected form. The efficacy of lentinan when taken orally remains uncertain.
Occasional side effects seem to be restricted to diarrhea and bloating, which generally go away after a few days. Allergic responses affecting the skin, nose, throat, or lungs have also been reported by some people.
Note that Agaricus blaze contains a small number of carcinogenic agaritines, which are metabolized by the body into highly carcinogenic derivatives. These can be removed from A. blazeii extracts by specialized processing without adversely affecting its medicinal properties, but not all manufacturers take this step. So before using A. blazeii, it is worth getting clear feedback from the producers concerning the level of agaritines in their A. blazeii products. Incidentally, the commonly consumed button mushroom (A. bisporus) and others of the family (e.g. field and horse mushrooms) also contain agaritines.
Cancer Research UK – “Medicinal Mushrooms and Cancer.” An excellent, definitive, and highly significant 700-page scientific report/research synthesis (PDF version). There’s also an HTML version.
ICNET – A summary of the key points made by Cancer Research UK’s report on medicinal mushrooms.
Mycology News – The Newsletter of Mycology Research Labs, was founded in 1997 to develop mycological products.
Fungi Perfecti – The company website of well-known mushroom researcher and writer, Paul Stamets. “A family-owned, environmentally friendly company specializing in using gourmet and medicinal mushrooms to improve the health of the planet and its people.” Includes products, books, and much background information on the mushrooms, and how to grow them.
Biomedica – “The Beneficial Effects of Mushrooms: A Preventative and Adjuvant Therapeutic Strategy against Cancer,” by Jason A. Bush PhD (Cancer Research Center, California, USA) and Jason E. Watkin (Biomedica Laboratories Inc, BC, Canada).
Sage Publications – Integrative Cancer Therapies – “Ganoderma lucidum (Reishi) in Cancer Treatment,” Daniel Sliva (Cancer Research Laboratory, Indianapolis, USA).
PubMed (NCBI) – Report on the cancer-inhibitory properties of the reishi mushroom.
Chemfinder – Some useful information on maitake and Agaricus blazei.
American Cancer Society – On shiitake mushrooms. The ACS has similar notes on maitake and Coriolus versicolor.
Shiitake Center – Health and medicinal uses. An excellent overview.
Amato – “Role of Ganoderma Supplementation in Cancer Management.”
Hepatogastroenterology – “A multi-institutional prospective study of lentinan in advanced gastric cancer patients with unresectable and recurrent diseases: effect on prolongation of survival and improvement of quality of life.”
Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention – “Antimetastatic Effects of PSK (Krestin), a Protein-bound Polysaccharide Obtained from Basidiomycetes: An Overview.”
PubMed – “Effects of endoscopic intratumoral injection of lentinan in patients with gastric cancer.”
Cancer Detection and Prevention – “Clinical efficacy of lentinan on patients with stomach cancer: endpoint results of a four-year follow-up survey.”
Fruiting Bodies – A UK supplier of liquid mushroom extracts, including good background information and references to scientific studies.
Journal of Chinese Medicine – Their UK shop. Supplier of powdered whole mushrooms made by Mycology Research Labs.
Lifeforce – UK supplier of quality reishi and cordyceps powdered extracts.
New Chapter – US supplier of nutritional supplements, including Paul Stamets’ mycology products.
Organic Pharmacy – A US source of Agaricus blazei, reishi, etc.
Biomedica – Concerning their proprietary product Immune Fx, a blend of medicinal mushrooms and other anti-cancer substances extracted from green tea and grapes.
Mitobi Enterprises – A Japanese source of reishi, maitake, shiitake, and Agaricus blazei.
Norden.com – A 123-page report on “Phenylhydrazines in the Cultivated Mushroom (Agaricus bisporus): Occurrence, Biological Properties, Risk Assessment, and Recommendations.”
Free Radical Research – “Radical Production and DNA Damage Induced by Carcinogenic 4-hydrazinobenzoic acid, an Ingredient of the Mushroom, Agaricus bisporus.”
Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health – A report on the development of liver tumors in mice and golden hamsters, fed throughout their lives on hydrazines from the commonly available button mushroom, Agaricus bisporus, and the wild false morel, Gyromitra esculenta.
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